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Friday, May 25, 2012
No new neurons in the human olfactory bulb
Thursday, May 24, 2012
Research from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden shows that the human olfactory bulb ? a structure in the brain that processes sensory input from the nose ? differs from that of other mammals in that no new neurons are formed in this area after birth. The discovery, which is published in the scientific journal Neuron, is based on the age-determination of the cells using the carbon-14 method, and might explain why the human sense of smell is normally much worse than that of other animals.
"I've never been so astonished by a scientific discovery," says lead investigator Jonas Fris?n, Tobias Foundation Professor of stem cell research at Karolinska Institutet. "What you would normally expect is for humans to be like other animals, particularly apes, in this respect."
It was long thought that all brain neurons were formed up to the time of birth, after which production stopped. A paradigm shift occurred when scientists found that nerve cells were being continually formed from stem cells in the mammalian brain, which changed scientific views on the plasticity of the brain and raised hopes of being able to replace neurons lost during some types of neurological disease.
In the adult mammal, new nerve cells are formed in two regions of the brain: the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb. While the former has an important part to play in memory, the latter is essential to the interpretation of smells. However, owing to the difficulty of studying the formation of new neurons in humans, the extent to which this phenomenon also occurs in the human brain has remained unclear. In this present study, researchers at Karolinska Institutet and their Austrian and French colleagues made use of the sharp rise in atmospheric carbon-14 caused by Cold War nuclear tests to find an answer to this question.
Carbon-14 is incorporated in DNA, making it possible to gauge the age of the cells by measuring how much of the isotope they contain. Doing this, the team found that the olfactory bulb neurons in their adult human subjects had carbon-14 levels that matched those at the atmosphere at the time of their birth. This is a strong indication that there is no significant generation of new neurons in this part of the brain, something that sets humans apart from all other mammals.
"Humans are less dependent on their sense of smell for their survival than many other animals, which may be related to the loss of new cell generation in the olfactory bulb, but this is just speculation," continues Professor Fris?n.
Professor Fris?n and his team now plan to study the extent of neuron generation in the hippocampus, a part of the brain that is important for higher cerebral functions in humans. This present study was made possible by support from the Tobias Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF), the American Brain and Behaviour Research Foundation (NARSAD), the Swedish Brain Fund, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, AFA F?rs?kring, the EU and the Stockholm County Council through its ALF agreement with Karolinska Institutet.
###
Karolinska Institutet: http://info.ki.se/ki
Thanks to Karolinska Institutet for this article.
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Raleigh, NC Ductwork Contractors Fix Common, Costly Issues - Tenlist
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA ? They might not be the most glamorous aspect of the home, but well-designed ductwork is a big component of a healthy, comfortable, energy-efficient home so it might be a good idea to see what?s up in the attic or crawl space.
Poorly designed ductwork can be the culprit behind many common heating and cooling problems like unusually loud HVAC systems, large temperature variations from room to room and high utility bills. A study from the California Energy Commission estimated that around 30 percent of the average home?s conditioned air is wasted because of leaks or poorly designed ductwork.
How do you know if your Raleigh, NC home is losing air to due leaky ductwork? Besides an HVAC unit that sounds very loud when running, expensive bills, hot or cold spots in the home, and leaky ducts may cause excessive dust and chemical smells inside the home.
Ductwork contractors can diagnose problems with the ducting and offer solutions to homeowners interested in repairing or replacing heating and cooling system components, including applications that can improve indoor air quality or quiet a noisy HVAC system.
Thursday, May 24, 2012
Egyptians vote in presidential election's 2nd day
CAIRO (AP) ? In a wide-open race that will define the nation's future political course, Egyptian voted Thursday on the second day of a landmark presidential election that will produce a successor to longtime authoritarian ruler Hosni Mubarak.
Voters lined up outside some polling centers, but the morning turnout was generally weaker than the previous day's, when long lines formed outside polling centers more than an hour before they opened. The government has given employees Thursday off to bolster the turnout.
The two-day vote marked the end of decades of authoritarian rule, although concerns remained that the nation's military rulers who took over after Mubarak would try to retain influence. Egyptians were hopeful as they waited patiently for their chance to cast a ballot in the Arab world's first competitive presidential election.
"The revolution has won us the right to freely elect our president," said housewife Doaa Nasr, referring to the 18-day uprising that toppled Mubarak's 29-year regime 15 months ago.
"No one can now take this right away from us," she said as she waited in line to vote in Cairo's Zeitoun district.
There are 13 candidates in the race, including Islamists, liberals and former regime figures. No one is expected to win more than 50 percent of the vote in the first round Wednesday and Thursday, setting the stage for a run-off June 16-17 between the top two finishers. A winner will be announced June 21.
The generals who took control after Mubarak was ousted have promised to hand over power by July 1, repeatedly assuring critics that they have no wish to remain in charge. There are fears, however, that they could retain significant powers on matters of national security and key foreign policies.
The landmark election, considered the freest and fairest in Egypt's history, is wide open. The reliability of polls is uncertain, and of the 13 candidates have bounced around the top spots, although none of them has emerged as a clear front-runner.
The two leading secular contenders are both veterans of Mubarak's regime ? former prime minister Ahmed Shafiq and former foreign minister Amr Moussa. The main Islamist candidates are Mohammed Morsi of the powerful and well-organized Muslim Brotherhood, and Abdel-Moneim Abolfotoh, a moderate Islamist whose inclusive platform has won him the support of some liberals, leftists and minority Christians.
Some voters are backing the Mubarak-era veterans, believing they can bring stability after months of rising crime, a crumbling economy and deadly street clashes under military rule. Others were horrified by the thought, believing the "feloul" ? or "remnants" of the regime ? will keep Egypt locked in dictatorship and thwart democracy.
Islamists have jumped into the political fray, seizing the chance to lead a country where they were repressed for decades. Led by the Muslim Brotherhood, Islamists dominated parliamentary elections, winning nearly three-quarters of the seats. But the Islamists' popularity has since waned as many Egyptians fear they seek to monopolize power and impose a theocracy.
An alternative to both the Islamists and the Mubarak-era candidates has emerged in the figure of leftist candidate Hamdeen Sabahi, who has claimed the mantle of Egypt's late president, the populist Gamal Abdel-Nasser.
An Islamist victory, particularly by Morsi, will likely mean a greater emphasis on religion in government. Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood, which already dominates parliament, says it won't mimic Saudi Arabia and force women to wear veils or implement harsh punishments like amputations. But it says it does want to implement a more moderate version of Islamic law, which liberals fear will mean limitations on many rights.
As was the case in the weeks leading up to the election and on the vote's opening day, the debate among the voters continued Thursday up till the last minute outside polling centers, something that points to the closeness of the race and the enthusiasm among Egyptians voting freely for their leader for the first time.
"I like the personality of Shafiq. He is strong enough to lift the country," said Suheir Abdel-Moamen, one of several women standing in line waiting to vote in the middle class Cairo district of el-Zawiya al-Hamra.
Somaiya Imam, still undecided on who to vote for, replied with a reference to Islamist candidates, saying: "Don't you think we should vote for the candidate who holds the Quran?"
"We voted for them before and they let us down. They want everything ? the presidency, parliament and government. They are never satisfied," Abdel-Moneim responded.
A woman standing behind the two chipped in: "But he (Shafiq) is a Mubarak associate."
Shafiq, a former air force chief and Mubarak's last prime minister until he too was forced out by protests, has been openly disparaging of the pro-democracy youth groups who led the uprising. Critics accuse him of being too cozy with the generals who took over from Mubarak, whose own reputation has been tainted by alleged human rights abuses and authoritarian tendencies.
But with his strongman image, he has appealed to Egyptians who crave stability and fear Islamists.
Shafiq was met by several dozen protesters screaming "down with the feloul" as he arrived to vote in an upscale neighborhood east of Cairo on Wednesday afternoon. Some protesters showed their contempt by holding up their shoes in his direction. On his way out, some mobbed him, swinging their shoes at him as his security hustled him into his car.
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Most Americans think campaign money aids rich
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Panasonic Eluga review
Welcome to Panasonic's first attempt to crack the increasingly competitive world of Android phones outside of Japan. Its efforts have crystallized into a plastic slab that had a curious appeal when we first handled it at Mobile World Congress a few months ago. We were surprised at how comfortable it felt in the hand and while its spec sheet won't cause any jaws to drop, there's plenty of respectable features -- a 4.3-inch AMOLED display, dual-core processor and a very solid, soft-finish shell that protects that delicate Android hardware against dust and water.
Panasonic's not the only Japanese manufacturer looking to branch out from a contracting domestic market, however, and we have a few concerns with whether the Eluga (£370 / $583) can make a dent in European countries dominated by Apple, Samsung and HTC. Will it bring the same awkward Android skins found on several Japan-only Android phones? Is it really all that waterproof? Dive in after the break to see.
Continue reading Panasonic Eluga review
Panasonic Eluga review originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 22 May 2012 10:00:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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Wednesday, May 23, 2012
Romney embraces voucher system
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